The National Institute on Aging (NIA) explains that, as we age, it’s normal to notice changes in our eyesight. We may not see details as well as we used to, and distinguishing colors may become difficult. Aside from these natural changes, the risk of developing certain eye diseases and conditions increases the older we get, some of which are serious. Here are some age-related eye health issues, along with some ways to guard against them.*

Common eye diseases and conditions

The NIA explains that older people can experience vision loss and blindness from the common eye conditions described below. Early on, symptoms may be few or non-existent. Getting regular eye exams, the agency says, is your best protection.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

In AMD, the central part of the retina (macula), that allows us to see fine details, deteriorates. This leads to loss of the sharp, central vision that we use for everyday activities like reading and driving. A dilated eye exam can detect AMD. There is no cure for AMD, but treatments are available, as are special vitamins that some evidence has shown to help slow progression.

Diabetic retinopathy

In diabetes, high blood sugar (glucose) can damage the blood vessels that supply the retina. Often, there are no warning signs until the disease is advanced. It’s important that diabetics have a dilated eye exam a minimum of once per year. They also need to keep their glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels in check to help prevent the condition, or at least slow its progress early on.

Cataracts

A cataract is a clouded area in the eye lens that can cause blurry or hazy vision. The clouding is caused by the breakdown of proteins over time. Cataracts can vary in size and smaller ones may have a minimal impact on vision. For more serious ones, cataract surgery is a common, safe, and effective treatment.

Glaucoma

Glaucoma is typically caused by elevated fluid pressure in the eye that can damage the optic nerve, leading to vision loss and blindness if left untreated. There are often no early warning signs, and experts recommend annual eye exams. Treatment options for glaucoma include medicated eye drops, laser therapy, and surgery, of which there are various types.

Dry eye

Dry eye arises from tear gland dysfunction and inadequate eye lubrication, and is common in older people, especially women. Stinging, burning, scratchiness, and feeling like an object is stuck in the eye are common sensations. Artificial tears, and using a humidifier to moisten the air, are examples of simple home remedies.

When it’s an emergency

Most eye conditions are not medical emergencies, but the NIA recommends contacting your eye doctor immediately if you experience:

• Sudden vision loss or blurriness
• Floaters
• Eye pain
• Double vision
• Redness or swelling

Protecting your vision

The NIA stresses regular eye exams, including dilated eye exams, to detect and treat any eye problems early and preserve vision. Dilated exams are recommended:

• Every year for people over 50
• Every 1-2 years after age 60
• At least once a year for diabetics and people with high blood pressure

Other general eye health recommendations include:

• Wear sunglasses and a wide-brimmed hat to protect against ultraviolet radiation.
• Don’t smoke.
• Eat an eye-healthy diet.
• Exercise regularly (but speak with your doctor about your regimen, as some types of exercise can negatively affect your eye pressure).
• Get regular tests for diabetes, high blood pressure, and other diseases that can impact eyesight.

If you spend a lot of time looking at a computer, phone, or TV screen, follow the 20-20-20 rule to prevent eye strain: Every 20 minutes, look about 20 feet into the distance for about 20 seconds.

*National Institute on Aging. (2021, July 28). Aging and Your Eyes. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/aging-and-your-eyes