While glaucoma is often referred to as a single disease, it’s actually an umbrella term for a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, leading to vision loss and potentially causing blindness. Learn about the different types of glaucoma, including their symptoms, causes, and risk factors.* 

Types of Glaucoma and Symptoms

Glaucoma presents in various forms, each with distinct symptoms and progression patterns. 

Open-angle glaucoma. This most common type in the U.S. typically has no symptoms in its early stages. As the disease progresses, you may experience patchy blind spots in your peripheral vision and eventually struggle with central vision.

Acute angle-closure glaucoma. This is a medical emergency that develops suddenly and causes severe eye pain, headaches, nausea, blurred vision, and halos around lights. If you experience these symptoms, seek immediate medical attention to prevent permanent vision loss.

Normal-tension glaucoma. This type is less understood but results in gradual vision loss even if you have normal eye pressure. Reduced blood flow to the optic nerve, possibly due to underlying circulatory issues, is thought to be a contributing factor.

In children, glaucoma may manifest as cloudy eyes, excessive blinking, or tear production without crying. Older children may experience nearsightedness, blurred vision, and persistent headaches. Another rare form, pigmentary glaucoma, involves pigment granules from the iris clogging the eye’s drainage system. This can cause blurry vision during exercise, halos around lights, and progressive peripheral vision loss.

Key Risk Factors

Several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing glaucoma. Age is a major factor, with individuals over 55 being more susceptible. People of Black, Asian, and Hispanic heritage face a higher risk, as do those with a family history of the disease. Certain medical conditions can also raise your risk, such as:

• Diabetes,  
• High blood pressure, 
• Migraines, and 
• Sickle cell anemia.

The structure of your eye plays a role, as well. People with thin corneas or extreme nearsightedness or farsightedness are more vulnerable. Previous eye injuries or surgeries can further increase your likelihood of developing the condition. Additionally, long-term use of corticosteroid medications, particularly eye drops, has been linked to higher eye pressure and optic nerve damage.

Prevention and Management Strategies

While glaucoma cannot be prevented, early diagnosis and consistent management can slow its progression and preserve vision. Regular eye exams are critical. Experts recommend comprehensive eye exams:

• Every 5 to 10 years for those under 40, 
• Every 2 to 4 years for those aged 40 to 54, 
• Every 1 to 3 years for those aged 55 to 64, and 
• Every 1 to 2 years for people aged 65 and older.

Knowing your family’s eye health history can prompt more frequent screenings if there is a genetic predisposition to the disease. Wearing protective eyewear during sports or hazardous activities can help prevent eye injuries that might lead to glaucoma.

Following prescribed treatments, particularly using medicated eye drops as directed, is crucial for controlling eye pressure. Even in the absence of symptoms, adhering to treatment plans can significantly reduce the risk of further optic nerve damage.

Early detection, regular monitoring, and proactive care are essential to managing glaucoma effectively. Consult an eye care professional to develop a personalized plan that supports long-term eye health.

*Mayo Clinic. (2024, November 5). Glaucoma – Symptoms and Causes. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glaucoma/symptoms-causes/ 

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