Dry AMD, the most common form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in people over 55, occurs when the light-sensitive cells in the retina gradually break down, leading to a loss of central vision. Photobiomodulation (PBM), also known as red light therapy, was recently authorized by the FDA as a non-invasive treatment for dry AMD. Authorization means that the treatment can be advertised to patients based on early evidence that it is safe and works as intended. More data is required to obtain full FDA approval.*

Highlights of Photobiomodulation

PBM is an innovative treatment that could revolutionize how dry AMD is managed. Unlike current methods, which involve injections or special vitamins, this therapy uses light of specific red and near-red wavelengths to target and potentially slow the progression of the disease. The approach involves frequent trips to the doctor’s office and focuses on stimulating retinal cells that are vital for central vision. 

The study on which the authorization is based involved both a treatment group and a placebo group. 

At 13 months, the treatment group:

• Could see slightly more letters, and
• Was less likely to develop geographic atrophy, but
• Was slightly more likely to develop wet AMD after treatment.

How Does Photobiomodulation Work?

Dry AMD gradually damages the retina’s light-sensitive cells, which are essential for clear central vision. PBM aims to slow this damage by exposing retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells in the retina to therapeutic lightwaves. 

The exposure is said to improve mitochondrial function, reduce inflammation, and increase retinal cell survival. This type of light therapy has already been used successfully to treat various conditions, such as:

• Other eye diseases,
• Skin disorders, and
• Musculoskeletal issues. 

Real-World Considerations and Future Prospects

Photobiomodulation may soon be available in some ophthalmology offices, though issues such as the frequency of clinic visits and insurance coverage still need to be addressed, and its long-term effectiveness is unknown. Despite these challenges, this non-invasive treatment may be a useful tool in the fight against vision loss.

*Mukamal, R. (2025, January 21). FDA Authorizes Light Therapy for Dry AMD. EyeSmart, the American Academy of Ophthalmology. https://www.aao.org/eye-health/news/light-therapy-photobiomodulation-dry-amd-ga 

This article was reviewed by Dr. Alan Robin, Executive Vice President at the American Glaucoma Society.

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